How many people will need to be vaccinated to stop the disease spreading? This depends on how infectious the viral strain is, how effective the vaccine is, and how much we are prepared to continue with lockdown measures. NB: These model predictions for the success of the vaccination programmes depend (i.e. assume) on the vaccine being able to limit the transmission of the virus – not just stop people getting ill. But we still don’t know (there are insufficient data) if the current batch of approved COVID vaccines stops transmission.
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Critical vaccination levels depend on the estimated effective reproductive number, with the vaccine efficiency of 90%.
We could continue with very strict social distancing indefinitely, bringing R below 1 so that the number of new infections decreases. In this case, we would not need any vaccination (point marked A on the graph). But the moment control measures were relaxed, R would jump back above 1 and the epidemic would start to spread again.
Or we could continue to combine some level of lockdown with the roll out of vaccines. In this scenario (point marked B on the graph) we would see a decline in cases once 40% of the population were immune to the virus. However, this strategy relies on keeping R just above 1. The disease would probably come back as soon as further relaxation occurred.
As we want to return to our activities and freedoms without social distancing, the vaccination levels need to be much higher, taking into account how effectively the virus can spread with no additional control.