I couldn't resist reading up about magnetic Eddy Current Circular Braking (
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/eddy-current-brakes.html) and gearing and torque ratios (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_ratio).
Please indulge me in thinking out loud again, it may all be wrong ...
It seems the electro-magnetic resistance units (like the KICKR and I believe Bkool) use fixed electro magnets floating a short distance from the surface of the conducting flywheel, which rotates within the magnetic field. When the electro magnets are on, the magnetic fields generate electric current in the conducting flywheel, which can't go anywhere so manifest as eddy currents, which align in order to create their own magnetic field to resist the electro magnetic (conservation of energy, etc.). This causes the resistive force, and the stronger the current to the electro magnets the stronger the resistive force.
The KICKR has the electro magnets fixed in place on a strain gauge, which measures the rotational force applied on the electro magnets by the flywheel trying to drag them around with it. Since forces are equal and opposite this equals the force you are applying to the flywheel by pedalling, i.e. the rotational force (torque) at the back wheel hub (KICKR) or tyre (bkool). (
http://www.bikerumor.com/2012/11/08...-smartphone-powered-cycling-trainer-computer/)
The torque at the back wheel in a lower gear is higher than in a higher gear due to the mechanical advantage of the gearing, in ratio to the gear ratio, as torque ratio is equal to gear ratio (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_ratio).
This torque is converted to a power reading using the rpm of the flywheel, which is the same as the rpm of the rear hub/wheel, to get a wattage. Therefore the higher the speed the higher the wattage (Power = Rotational Force (Torque) times RPM). So for the same wattage, if the RPM is lower then the torque (rotational force) must be higher (as torque equals Power divided by RPM). This means that doing 300W in lower gear (with a lower wheel RPM) at say 7mph will produce twice the torque than doing 300W in a higher gear at 14mph would, and four times the torque that doing 300W at 28mph would. Since the resistance unit has to resist this torque (rotation force) it has to apply a force two or four times higher to be equal and opposite.
Hence, given the same power, it's maximum resistance will be exceeded at a lower speed when in low gear (high torque, low wheel rpm/speed) than when in a higher gear (low torque, high wheel rpm/speed). That is to say, a max resistance (torque) that equates to 500W at say 30 Kmph would only equate to 250W at 15 Kmph or 200W at 10 Kmph.
Individual trainers will have differences in the resistance generated by the same current due to the differences between the tolerances of the electro magnets, the structure of the flywheel, the gaps between them, the heat they generate and can dissipate and probably loads of other factors, but the maximum resistance of each unit will be equal to the rotational force they can generate between the flywheels rotation and the opposition of the magnetic forces due to the eddy currents resisting the opposite magnetic forces in the electro magnets.
To get this maximum resistive torque specified in watts they must assume an RPM or rotational speed of the flywheel and hence the rear wheel/hub.
To get this maximum resistive torque specified as a gradient they must assume a wheel/hub speed and the weight of the rider (along with possible factors for assume air drag, rolling resistance, etc. which would apply on a real cycle and gradient).
This would seem to be born out by the Elite web site for the Real Tour trainer, which quotes a maximum gradient, AND specifies a speed and a weight.
Electronically managed resistance unit with maximum slope of 6% (500W at 30 Km/h)
The electronically managed resistance unit, one of the best performers on the market, develops up to 500 W (on an average 85Kg rider's weight and 30Km/h speed).
This states that it can resist an 85kg rider doing 30Km/h or 18.75 mph, so if the same 85 kg rider uses the gears to get a rear wheel speed of 15 km/h, while producing the same power, they also would reach the maximum torque resistance of the unit.
If the 85Kg rider can exceed 9.375 mph up a 6% gradient they will overcome the maximum resistance of the unit, so if the gradient goes up to 7%, 12% or indeed 24% there will be no more resistance from the trainer and they can continue pedalling at the same force to continue at 9.375 mph.
Since the Bkool simulator thinks they are doing this speed at 15% they will go up the steeper slope at the same speed they could a 6% slope, and therefore in the same time.
Again, this seems to be born out in practice as an Elite Real Tour rider could ride up the incline on Cothelstone at around 11 kmph, regardless of whether the gradient was 10% or 17%, while on the Wahoo KICKR it showed fluctuating speed, in line with the fluctuating gradient.
Elite RealTour (speed stays level on the two steeper sections)
Wahoo KICKR (speed dips on the two steeper sections)
Since the max gradient is a factor of the maximum resistive torque, the maximum power therefore depends on gearing and speed and the maximum gradient also depends on the simulated weight, drag, rolling resistance and wind, as well as speed and gearing, as well as the differences between the individual trainers, and possibly the firmware and calibration, it is impossible to say at what gradient any rider and trainer will be limited
However, we can estimate that quoted at 1200W it seems the bkool would be limited at around 2.4 times the RealTour's 6% (i.e. 14% to 15%) depending on gearing, speed, weight, etc.
the KICKR is quoted at 2000W so could go as high as 24%, again depending on gearing, speed, weight, etc.
And my wife says I over analyse everything ...
Geoff