It looks like the caliper was set incorrectly so the pads wore the bit where it snapped,
They do. Most commonly 140 or 160mm for road bikes, often larger for mountain bikes.
If you fit the wrong size, it either won't go into the caliper at all, or you may need to change the caliper bolts. It may be possible to fit a larger one without adjusting the calipers and have them catching the wrong place.
But the noise & vibration if the pads aren't pulling against the correct surface would be intolerable, would have thought, so that sounds unlikely.
OK, I put it to him the disc could be the wrong size, and here is the return email
When I was measuring the thickness of the old disc, I noticed it said “180 mm” on it … but the new one is 160 mm, and indeed is the one on my rear wheel (as per my spreadsheet). I now think that when I bought a new front wheel from a shop here in Munich (may 24) which came with a disc brake attached that the guy in the shop had sorted out for me, that I hadn’t realised the disc was a different diameter and I’ve been, indeed, using a 180 mm when I should have been using 160 mm. I never noticed.
I'm struggling to believe this was not obvious with some sort of knocking noise, when braking - he will of undoubtedly done a huge mileage since last may, it is his main transport and does massive tours - visits me from Munich 1000+miles away on his bike, knocks out 120-150mile day in day out sort of nonsense. - it couldn't have been that obvious riding, he would have known, but it should have been visually, but then he's not into mechanics and maintenance in the same way i am.
oh, and he had measure the thickness of the failed one at between 1.1 and 1.3 , the new one is 1.6 with a min thickness of 1.5 shown.
I think he has dodged a bullet wit this