Those who stayed clean probably suffered for it, but stayed healthy. There always were two speeds, and at one time over half were in the "fast" section. But the standards of the time were very different, and to try and judge that period by today's standards is baffling. For instance, in a peloton from the 60's, let's say, probably over half were using something like amphets, BUT the best riders were still winning. Not the best fuelled. This does not make it morally right by today's standards, it's simply how it was. Cycling was not unique, without controls at today's levels, all sports were affected. Distance runners were even messing about with blood transfusions even then. What we have today is a different situation, the message is not "don't get caught", it's "don't do it". Whilst there will always be a degree of temptation and some will succumb, they have a far greater chance of being caught and banned. When the four year ban comes in it effectively means career over for anyone over 28, and career stunted for anyone younger. We should look back and understand the environment of the past eras, realise that applying today's standards was not an option, and move on. If anyone wants to suggest that Merckx should be disqualified from his wins, then who moves up, were they "clean", or even tested, or do we simply expunge everything up until a certain date and pretend it all never happened? To come back to the initial subject, I think Mr Cookson knew what he was likely to find from the denier Hein and his anointed successor's time in office, and has started what will be at least a three year, if not more, project, to lift the sport's image. Right now it appears that cycling carries out more testing than any other sport, and if you do that you should catch more of the "sinners". better to be open and do that, than brush things under the carpet as the previous regime wanted to do, and which continues outside cycling. Want to see really "interesting" approaches packed with self interest and money driven ways of running a sport - try FIFA!