in order of appearance i've been told by a professional rider that the following makes the bike fastest.
frame
wheels
groupset
so out of your budget you should aim to be spending most on frame, then the wheels and then the groupet. the best way to upgrade your bike to make it faster is definitely the wheels.
now, i don't have much experience of wheels, but Cycling Weekly did a test of the top 18 wheels.
results were:
-Compag Shamal £680
-Zipp 303 £1250
-Fulcrum Racing Zero £750
with not much to choose inbetween those 3.
Compag Neutron was base-line fastest in test and cost £384.99
as most will probably carry their technology down to the next level i reckon you'd be best going for the compag neutron or Fulcrum Racing 3 (being Fulcrum's mid range costing about £350 and a review in cycling plus rated them not much different but £200 quid cheaper than Fulcrum Racing 1)
(ps saw Fulcrum Zero's on
ebay for about £580 "buy it now". you could bid for them and try to get them for less)