A few points to pick up on here:
1. European development of cycle facilities.
The development of cycling infrastructure, although some was post-war as already stated, was mostly from the 70's onwards. Up until that point, these countries were going very much in the same direction as the UK with roads being built with abandon to accommodate massive growth in car ownership. One of the accepted theories is that when the 70's oil crises struck, these countries had to seriously think about future energy security, particularly in terms of oil for transport - the result was a massive investment in public transport and walking/cycling, a policy U-turn that has proved most beneficial in the long-term.
In the meanwhile, the UK was less deeply affected thanks to north sea oil and gas so the 'we're alright jack' attitude prevailed along with the ever continuing lack of long-term planning.
2. Holland's bike lanes.
I can only comment on my time visiting (and cycling in) Amsterdam but the bike lanes are a real mixed bag - whilst those on major busy roads might be advantageous, the rest just complicate the road layout and slow you down. The physical separation with curbs is a nightmare, especially given the inevitable dicey drainage standards in such a flat country - the reason everyone gets the tram or bus if it rains is that many of the bike lanes are rendered useless by huge pools of water that you have to negotiate at a snails pace. Oh, and racers/enthusiasts MUST use the cycle lanes at all times where provided. I also saw a good few examples of motorists' lack of respect on the streets with no segregation, close passes (inches!), cyclists in the gutter etc. but I'll put that down to tourists.
3. Repeating the 'European model' in Britain.
It has taken 30+ years of continued political and public support for the kind of investment in cycling and public transport on the continent. Local government on the continent is very different with different cities and regions having far more power over spending and taxation with just broad policy overview from central government. They do not have elections every single year.
Basically, without substantial (and potentially vote losing) political change, we will always be a country that is reactive to problems rather than pro-active across a whole broad range of areas, especially transport.