In case anyone finds this thread in the future, I extended the slots by using a 6mm drill bit, it was the biggest metal bit I had but a 7mm or 8mm would have made things less snug, and then smoothed off the edges with a Stanley knife. I’d intended to use a jigsaw to get a straight line but although the surface of the sole is very hard once you get a few mm down it’s like going through rubber so the jigsaw would have been overkill (possibly literally, it’s a beast).
I tried cutting the end off of the 4-hole plate to enable it to stay in the recess inside the shoe, but the saw really struggled with it and I found it difficult to clamp as it was so small. Luckily I discovered and bought the smaller 2-hole plates which sat on top of the internal structure without sticking up into the inner sole much at all. I ordered some 16mm bolts instead of the original 12mm ones, to make sure they would reach, but I probably could have got away with the shorter ones, they would have just been a bit more difficult to initially screw into the thread.
On the outside, the back of the cleat where it is positioned now actually sits on top of the extra thin layer of sole, so I didn’t need to cut or trim that at all. If I move them forward a few mm I might need to but they’re fine as they stand.
So this gives me an extra 20mm range for the cleat, which is what I was looking for. When I measure the new pedal spindle position in relation to the ball of my big toe it’s around 22mm behind it, which isn’t that much more than some bike fitters would end up with, especially for people with larger feet (and big toes, which move the ball of your foot further back than someone with smaller toes but the same size feet). A true mid-foot position would have been 50mm behind, much more than I had expected and on my shoe would actually have been closer to the heel than the tip!
Anyway, job done, thanks for the pointers.