All the current range of Shimano road calipers use the "New Super SLR" system except the long reach BR-R650 and BR-R451 models which are just "Super SLR" compatible. The new levers pull more cable and to quote Shimano blurb: "New Super SLR Design relocates the brake lever pivot for better mechanical advantage. Synchronized with the new brake arch pivot a greater level of modulation and power are available from the tops of the brake hoods".
My winter bike has BR-R450 long reach "super SLR" calipers and I noticed a drop in braking performance when I fitted new 5700 levers after my old ones broke. They felt so weak and mushy that I was moving from the hoods to the drops to stop the bike. Nevertheless, after a few rides getting used to them I now don't notice that they used to be better!
I have no doubt that the 5700 callipers will work with the 5600 levers but they won't be optimal for sure. From what I can tell, you'll have too much mechanical advantage with the older levers and you should move the pads away from the rims so that the levers travel a good distance before biting to get reasonable modulation.