D'oh!
The problem was that I'd put the chain through the jockey wheels the wrong way. I don't know what the name for it is, but there is a joint or connection halfway along the rear derailleur plates, and the chain was running on the wrong side of this. On my MTB, if I do this, the chain jams and it is obviously wrong. On this road bike, only the quick link was catching slightly on the connection, which I mis-diagnosed as a stiff link.
Correcting this and the chain seems perfect
I rode 15 miles with it like that. I'll have worn something, probably. Thankfully I used the other bike for the rest of the week. I don't think there's any need to bin the chain or link?