I have just bought a raleigh phoenix to do up,it need a seatpost and very roughly measured it comes up to approx 25mm, does anyone know the actual size i think its 1980s
The most reliable way to get the right seatpost is to look at what it says on the existing one. Even basic ones typically have the size engraved usually just below the minimum insertion mark.
Regarding 5 rings while the frame says 12 speed, it is probable because at certain point in time someone put a 5 speed freewheel on the existing wheel to replace a 6 speed freewheel, or used a 5 speed wheel to replace a 6 speed wheel. Assuming your shifter can handle it you can simply replace the 5 speed freewheel with a 6 for the former. If on the other hand the wheel has been swapped then you might find that it has a 120mm distance between the dropouts, and putting a 6 speed freewheel on that will likely require spacing and redishing the wheel.
On the other hand if you want to upgrade to 8 speed then assuming the frame is steel you can by replacing the wheel with a modern one with freehub for cassettes and probably cold setting the frame (because such hubs have rear dropout distance of 130mm or 135mm). Also if you have indexed shifters they will also need to be replaced.