There isnt really a standard, although when you buy a bike the manufacturer has usually estimated the length of the stem for the person who will ride the bike. For example my 58cm frames HAD 120mm stems.
You should gauge for yourself the best length for you based on the ride possition intended on your specific bike. For example one may choose the stem on a drop handlebar road bike such then when on the hoods the arms would be extended with a slight bend at the elbow (this isnt absolute since rotating the bars will modify fit but it serves as an example). A TT rider may buy a longer stem to provide more room to tuck in and preserve hip angle when riding on the nose of the saddle with the saddle pushed forward.
If you cant gauge for yourself I would suggest that you get some pics of you side on and from the front sat on your bike in a accurate riding possition (get someone to hold you up, or stick bike on a turbo) and post them up. Someone may be able to lok at your current angles and suggest improvement to fit and stem length suggestions (shorter/longer, absolute measurements almost impossible). This is what I did in terms of advice for my aero possition and the advice given even though not absolute values did help to acheive a much better possition and increased comfort.
They say buying a longer stem changes handling, this was my concern, but to be honest, I havent noticed any difference in handling since buying a longer and more aggresivelly downward angled stem. Maybe its only noticable on technical courses.
So in conclusion the stem length is determined by your body geometry and the type of riding and bike you have.
Also bear in mind with adjustable stems they move in an arc, so when raised or lowered they are closer to you and when straight they are further away.