For all these years I've been thinking the way to increase muscular strength was through hypertrophy.
It seems that you don't actually have to place much stress on the actin and myosin to get them to grow.
Sorry for the sarcasm.
In the books I have, the way to become stronger is through damaging the sarcomere filaments and then allowing them nutrients and time to grow larger. The way to become more durable is to train in the lactic acid system, which encourages growth of capillaries, hand in hand with the number and size of mitochondria in the muscle cells.
Getting totally shagged is part of the process.
Its difficult on a bicycle to set the amount of exertion for muscular strength training because 'one rep to failure' means finding a hill so steep you can only pedal ONE revolution in lowest gear before collapsing in the hedge. This is where the Smith's machine is useful.
For increasing endurance, you'll have to ride until the pain is so severe, you need to stop and scream until the lactic acid has gone.
When did I say you have to kill yourself EVERY time you ride. Only every time you want to improve.....