I'm five foot or so with 28-inch inside leg: most bikes, it's not seat height but definitely the stretch to the handlebars that hurts. Handlebar width can add to the problem.
Also, where men tend to bend from the waist, spine straightish, women do tend much more to curve the spine - so more of the same problem.
One other thing can be crank-length - the shorter the better, for shorties.
I'm also a newbie and know nothing about road-bikes, but I do know it's the stretch forward that's what makes normal-size bikes so uncomfortable - top-tube length, I think they call it. From the hybrid bikes I sat on (that I couldn't afford) i the shops, the ones with that shorter length were definitely more comfortable. That's what makes women-specific bikes specifically good for us really wee people.