Helmets work by increasing the impulse of a collision. That is they compress to increase the length of time that the collision takes place for, this is the primary function, and is how airbags and crumple zones work.
Secondary (more often in higher priced helmets), there are design mechanisms to spread the loads through the shell, reducing force in a single area.
A single split in the polystyrene and the shell would indicate a failure, it needs careful examination to see if there was any compression. The nature of that split suggests not much force was being dissipated by design, and was quite concentrated. So, if there's no compression of the polystyrene, then it has failed, and not done anything to protect the wearer from anything other than maybe a laceration.
That's not to say helmets are useless, just that there are limitations as to their effectiveness. For what it's worth, I wear a helmet, as I believe the potential benefits outweigh the potential dangers of wearing one.
But, that does not change the science and engineering of helmets.