You say that the excessive friction is not with the shifter because you can move it with your hand. As that is the case then the problem can only be the cable or the changer on the bar. A check I often do before clamping up any cable is to apply tension by hand and see if the changer (or brake) works smoothly, if it does and I still have a problem then it must be the mechanism (brake/shifter). Once you have identified which component is the root of the problem, you can start to address it. Also, looking at your latest picture it looks like the cable clamp is at a ' 1o'clock' position and has a mechanical advantage over the cable and shifter, it would be better if the clamp was at 11 or 12 o'clock but frankly I have no idea how you would achieve this. The position of the arm directly corelates to the position of the cage and that doesn't leave much room for manoeuvre, if this is the problem then it looks like it may be a compatability issue between the shifter and the chainline.