Would carbon wheels last longer or do they suffer the same as Ali?
That's a completely different can of worms.
Firstly, should grit get between the pads and rim, the grinding down is worse and generally catastrophic for the wheel. The noise is something else too.
Carbon wheels pose different problems for rim brakes and we've seen the tail end of rim-braked carbon wheels now with the advent of discs. Carbon fiiber encased in resin is an extremely poor conductor of heat and melt most rubber pads. Therefore they require pads that don't go from solid to liquid but rather a pad that sublimates directly to gas. It may sound strange but that's exactly what wood does and hence the use of cork in carbon brake pads.
The fact that you are using a heat-resistant material on there don't make them better at stopping though, but that's a different story altogether.
Many riders would swap wheels 'cause they need different wheels for riding to church than for posing with outside the muffin shop. If the one set is aluminium and the other carbon, they have to swap brake pads too. A rubber pad with embedded aluminium is a death knell for carbon rims.