PhilDawson8270
Veteran
you are right about the first part - the photo is taken by somebody working in a bike shop and thee are some horrors.
I am not so sure that the whole frame needs to be full of water. I am guessing that once the top surface of the water has frozen - like on a lake - it acts as a plug, so the water cannot go updwards, just sidesways as it expands.
In that situation I wouldn't expect the top to freeze at a quicker rate in comparison to the rest of the water due to the lack of airflow over it, if the rest of the water was protected, and you had the top exposed to airflow (pretty much like a lake) then yes, the top would freeze first.