As a non-British person I am always bemused by the negativity displayed towards attempts to improve things, normally using systems that work well elsewhere.
I can't imagine getting anything off the ground in such a dark cloud.
If I start off something thinking that it's never going to work, the chances are, that it will never work.
Yes, there's litter and dumping. With no statistics to hand I'd imagine that most of that littering is coming from a small cohort of the population. Changing the attitudes of 80% of the population is not required, only maybe 10%-20%. That is manageable. Whether by carrot, stick or both.
I lived in the Netherlands for 20 years and a deposit scheme was in operation. Return bottles to a machine in the supermarket and get a credit note or donate to a nominated (local) charity. It didn't apply to the smaller bottles nor cans and interestingly, didn't apply in Belgium. Cue lots of Belgians crossing the border with deposit free bottles to claim a deposit in NL (only for those bottles that were the same in both markets).
In Spain, the Catalonian government is considering the same system - for cigarettes! Pay a deposit on each pack and get your money back by returning the fag ends! There's little support for the idea in the rest of Spain so it probably won't get off the ground anytime soon. Interesting idea, though.
I don't understand why we recycle glass as opposed to re-using bottles. The first step would be to mandate that all food products must be in one of an approved set of bottles or jars in various sizes. There'd then only need to be one set of bottle cleaning machinery, and it would be fine for a jam jar to be refilled with honey, or goose fat. I would suspect the efficiency savings would actually make things cheaper
That system is in operation in NL for beer bottles. All the main breweries use (or at least used to) a standard bottle - only the labelling is different. They are all shareholders in the one company that "owns" all the bottles (not sure about the crates as they are all individual).
It's expensive to set up, requires cooperation between competitors, some may lose the individuality of their bottle design and it acts as a barrier to entry for smaller, independent breweries. That last part is illegal, of course, but it takes a whole lot of money to take on the might of the Dutch brewing industry. (And those same brewers were caught price fixing in the nineties)
When we look at other products, especially top end products, bottle design is often integral to the image of the product and producers will be loathe to concede their individuality.
The point is that it's complicated, requires thought, goodwill, co-operation and perhaps law to encourage all of that. And even with all that, there can still be negative effects.