The length of it, from the centre of the fork clamp to the centre of the handlebar clamp.
The shorter it is, the less you have to stretch from the seat. Most modern road stems are 31.8mm (diameter of handlebars) +\- 8% slope depending on which way up it is fitted and a length of...well, mine is 110mm but I want a shorter 90mm one because it is a bit of a stretch for me.
2cm goes a long way (or so I have been told
)