Mudguards are very handy for keeping the muck out of your drivetrain - it is this grit, salt, silt, muck etc that does the damage not just the water that is rain. Wiping down the chain is a good idea, as is keeping it well lubricated as a general thing. As noted above, putting a plastic bag over the saddle is another good idea if the bike is going to be out in the rain.
It is not a bad idea to wipe off the drop outs after a wet and muddy ride as these can be the parts of the frame where rust can start. I have a much used 20 year old tourer with about 90,000 miles on it and the only parts of the frame that are corroded are the drop outs and around the bottom bracket.
I don't go overboard but I do try to wipe down the frame when it has been out on a long wet ride. As I live near the coast, there is more salt in the air, and so one needs to be a bit more careful.