Wrong size tubes work OK for a while at least, provided you can get them installed. However it's enough of a problem that it's best done for emergency use only.
The trouble is that getting your tube fitted will not be not easy. You've got to stretch it lengthways, but at the same time it's too fat. The problem will be keeping it from getting trapped under the tyre bead.
Similarly tyres that are too small (eg 700x18 in 26x2.0). will work for a while, but the overstretched tube will puncture much more easily than one the right size (including chafing on rough spots that don't normally give a problem).