Turned out to be quite simple: the BB had worked loose inside the shell. But I'm wondering what the root cause may have been - never having had one come loose before, is it more likely that I did a rubbish job installing it in the first place (about a month or so ago), or is the BB shell thread maybe in a bad state (the frame is steel, 1980s) or is there some other likely cause?
(For context, bog-standard square taper cartridge BB, fixed gear bike)
(For context, bog-standard square taper cartridge BB, fixed gear bike)