As long as a ladder probably.
Never looked it up, but I consider it likely that same aluminium containing materials are used.
I have a ladder outside exposed to all weather since almost 40 years. Can't see any material degradation.
10 years ago I used a worn chainring for an application in the garden. Same.
Aluminium powder means material dissolved, galvanic corrosion. Happens when electrical contact with bigger amount / much more noble material (alike stainless steel). Can't see how a bike frame could suffer that, since the amount aluminium in a frame is far more than any stainless/more noble part alike a bolt or screw. Also, the corrosion detaches/removes aluminium, resulting in play, less electrical contact, so it should decrease/stop over time, and the play should have noticable bike behaviour change results.