They are to allow you to adjust the cable tension. I assume we're talking about the ones mounted on the down tube of the bike. These are usually just the gear ones.
One for the rear derailleur, there's also one on the rear derailleur itself. The adjuster on the downtube will allow you to adjust while on the move....although you'll likely never need to.
The one for the front derailleur is the only adjuster usually....it's useful after the bike is a few weeks old and the cables have stretched, a tweek will tighten the cable and correct that cable stretch.
You'll rarely use them all being well.